Proof most often refers to: *

Proof (truth) A proof is sufficient evidence or a sufficient argument for the truth of a proposition. The concept applies in a variety of disciplines, with both the nature of the evidence or justification and the criteria for sufficiency being area-dependent. ...

, argument or sufficient evidence for the truth of a proposition *

Alcohol proof Alcohol proof (usually termed simply "proof" in relation to a beverage) is a measure of the content of ethanol (alcohol) in an alcoholic beverage. The term was originally used in England and was equal to about 1.8 times the percentage of alcohol ...

, a measure of an alcoholic drink's strength Proof may also refer to:

Mathematics and formal logic

Formal proof In logic and mathematics, a formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the seque ...

, a construct in proof theory *

Mathematical proof A mathematical proof is an inferential argument for a mathematical statement, showing that the stated assumptions logically guarantee the conclusion. The argument may use other previously established statements, such as theorems; but every proo ...

, a convincing demonstration that some mathematical statement is necessarily true *

Proof complexity In logic and theoretical computer science, and specifically proof theory and computational complexity theory, proof complexity is the field aiming to understand and analyse the computational resources that are required to prove or refute statements. ...

, computational resources required to prove statements *

Proof procedure In logic, and in particular proof theory, a proof procedure for a given logic is a systematic method for producing proofs in some proof calculus of (provable) statements. Types of proof calculi used There are several types of proof calculi. The mo ...

, method for producing proofs in proof theory *

Proof theory Proof theory is a major branchAccording to Wang (1981), pp. 3–4, proof theory is one of four domains mathematical logic, together with model theory, axiomatic set theory, and recursion theory. Jon Barwise, Barwise (1978) consists of four correspo ...

, a branch of mathematical logic that represents proofs as formal mathematical objects * Statistical proof, demonstration of degree of certainty for a hypothesis

Law and philosophy

Evidence Evidence for a proposition is what supports this proposition. It is usually understood as an indication that the supported proposition is true. What role evidence plays and how it is conceived varies from field to field. In epistemology, evidenc ...

, information which tends to determine or demonstrate the truth of a proposition *

Evidence (law) The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of f ...

, tested evidence or a legal proof *

Legal burden of proof In a legal dispute, one party has the burden of proof to show that they are correct, while the other party had no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts ...

, duty to establish the truth of facts in a trial *

Philosophic burden of proof The burden of proof (Latin: ''onus probandi'', shortened from ''Onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat'') is the obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for its position. Holder of the burden When two par ...

, obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for their position

Manufacturing and printing

Artist's proof An artist's proof is an impression of a print taken in the printmaking process to see the current printing state of a plate while the plate (or stone, or woodblock) is being worked on by the artist. A proof may show a clearly incomplete image, ofte ...

, a single print taken during the printmaking process *

Galley proof In printing and publishing, proofs are the preliminary versions of publications meant for review by authors, editors, and proofreaders, often with extra-wide margins. Galley proofs may be uncut and unbound, or in some cases electronically tran ...

, a preliminary version of a publication *

Prepress proof A contract proof usually serves as an agreement between customer and printer and as a color reference guide for adjusting the press before the final press run. Most contract proofs are a prepress proof. The primary goal of proofing is to serve as ...

, a facsimile of press artwork for job verification *

Proof coinage Proof coinage refers to special early samples of a coin issue, historically made for checking the dies (as in demonstrating that something is true) and for archival purposes. Nowadays proofs are often struck in greater numbers specially for co ...

, coins once made as a test, but now specially struck for collectors *

Proof of concept Proof of concept (POC or PoC), also known as proof of principle, is a realization of a certain method or idea in order to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle with the aim of verifying that some concept or theory has prac ...

, demonstration that a concept has practical potential *

Proof test A proof test is a form of stress test to demonstrate the fitness of a load-bearing structure. An individual proof test may apply only to the unit tested, or to its design in general for mass-produced items. Such a structure is often subjected t ...

, stress test of structures such as vessels and weapons *

Proofreading Proofreading is the reading of a galley proof or an electronic copy of a publication to find and correct reproduction errors of text or art. Proofreading is the final step in the editorial cycle before publication. Professional Traditional ...

, reviewing a manuscript for errors or improvements

People

Proof (rapper) DeShaun Dupree Holton (October 2, 1973 – April 11, 2006), known professionally as Proof, was an American rapper from Detroit, Michigan. During his career, he was a member of the groups 5 Elementz, Funky Cowboys, Promatic, Goon Sqwad, and D12. ...

(1973–2006), American rapper and member of D12 * Sam Proof (born 1974), U.S. actor

Places

Proof School Proof School is a secondary school in San Francisco that offers a mathematics-focused liberal arts education. Currently, 118 students in grades 6–12 are enrolled in Proof School for the academic year (2022-2023). The school was co-founded by Den ...

, San Francisco, California, USA; a secondary school

Arts and entertainment and media

Film, television, and theatre

* ''Proof'' (play), a 2000 play by David Auburn

Film

* ''Proof'', a 1980 student film by Kevin Reynolds, expanded to ''

Fandango Fandango is a lively partner dance originating from Portugal and Spain, usually in triple meter, traditionally accompanied by guitars, castanets, or hand-clapping. Fandango can both be sung and danced. Sung fandango is usually bipartite: it has ...

'' * ''Proof'' (1991 film), an Australian film by Jocelyn Moorhouse * ''Proof'' (2005 film), a film by John Madden, based on the 2000 play by David Auburn

Television

* ''Proof'' (2004 TV series), an Irish drama/thriller * ''Proof'' (2015 TV series), an American medical/supernatural drama * "Proof" (''Devious Maids''), a television episode

Literature

* ''Proof'' (comics), a comic series from Image Comics * "Proof", a 1942 science fiction short story by

Hal Clement Harry Clement Stubbs (May 30, 1922 – October 29, 2003), better known by the pen name Hal Clement, was an American science fiction writer and a leader of the hard science fiction subgenre. He also painted astronomically oriented artworks under ...

* '' PROOF!'', a magazine published by Lynne McTaggart

Music

Albums and records

* ''Proof'', an album by

Emily Elbert Emily Elbert (born December 21, 1988) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist based in Los Angeles, California. She has independently released six albums: ''Bright Side'' (2006), ''Proof'' (2010), and ''Alive, In Love'' (2011), ''Evolve'' ...

, 2010 * ''Proof'', an EP by

Colour Coding A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors. The earliest examples of color codes in use are for long-distance communication by use of flags, as in semaphore communication. The United Kingdom adopted a color ...

, 2012 * ''Proof'' (album), an anthology album by BTS, 2022

Songs and singles

* "Proof" (I Am Kloot song), 2003 * "Proof" (Paul Simon song), 1991 * "Proof"/"No Vain", a single by Mell, 2007 * "Proof", a song by Angela, 2004 * "Proof", a song by Chris Brown from ''

Royalty Royalty may refer to: * Any individual monarch, such as a king, queen, emperor, empress, etc. * Royal family, the immediate family of a king or queen regnant, and sometimes his or her extended family * Royalty payment for use of such things as int ...

'', 2015 * "Proof", a song by Coldplay, a B-side of the single "

Speed of Sound The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit of time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium. At , the speed of sound in air is about , or one kilometre in or one mile in . It depends strongly on temperature as w ...

", 2005 * "Proof", a song by Happy Rhodes from ''

Many Worlds Are Born Tonight ''Many Worlds Are Born Tonight'' (1998) is the tenth album by American singer-songwriter Happy Rhodes. Overview Rhodes' first album on a larger independent label (Samson Music), leading to the All-Music Guide reviewer mistakenly describing this ...

'', 1998 * "Proof", a song by Paramore from ''

Paramore Paramore is an American rock band from Franklin, Tennessee, formed in 2004. The band currently consists of lead vocalist Hayley Williams, guitarist Taylor York and drummer Zac Farro. Williams and Farro are founding members of the group, whil ...

'', 2013